{"id":21,"date":"2025-11-11T14:56:42","date_gmt":"2025-11-11T14:56:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iryssolutionsou.com\/?page_id=21"},"modified":"2025-12-11T11:09:49","modified_gmt":"2025-12-11T11:09:49","slug":"pe-cfc","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iryssolutionsou.com\/en\/pe-cfc\/","title":{"rendered":"Tax Residency, Permanent Establishment (PE) and CFC Rules for an Estonian O\u00dc \u2014 A Practical Guide for Spanish Tax Residents"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!-- JSON-LD: WebPage + Service (usa @id ya definidos en Inicio: #website, #provider, #org) --><br \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@graph\":[\n    {\n      \"@type\":\"WebPage\",\n      \"@id\":\"https:\/\/tudominio.es\/pe-cfc\/#webpage\",\n      \"url\":\"https:\/\/tudominio.es\/pe-cfc\/\",\n      \"name\":\"Residencia fiscal, establecimiento permanente (PE) y CFC \u2014 O\u00dc para residentes en Espa\u00f1a\",\n      \"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/tudominio.es\/#website\"},\n      \"inLanguage\":\"es\",\n      \"description\":\"Gu\u00eda clara sobre residencia fiscal, establecimiento permanente (PE) y CFC para residentes en Espa\u00f1a que trabajan con una O\u00dc en Estonia.\"\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\":\"Service\",\n      \"@id\":\"https:\/\/tudominio.es\/pe-cfc\/#service-residencia\",\n      \"serviceType\":\"An\u00e1lisis de residencia fiscal, establecimiento permanente (PE) y CFC\",\n      \"name\":\"Residencia fiscal, PE y CFC para O\u00dc en Estonia\",\n      \"provider\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/tudominio.es\/#provider\"},\n      \"areaServed\":[\"ES\",\"EU\"],\n      \"description\":\"An\u00e1lisis individual de residencia fiscal, establecimiento permanente (PE) y CFC para residentes en Espa\u00f1a que usan O\u00dc en Estonia.\",\n      \"url\":\"https:\/\/tudominio.es\/pe-cfc\/\"\n    }\n  ]\n}\n<\/script><\/p>\n<div class=\"wrap residencia-fiscal\">\n<p>  <!-- TOP CTA ROW --><\/p>\n<div class=\"hero-ctas\">\n    <a href=\"\/en\/ou-estonia-espana\/\" class=\"btn btn--primary\">Back to the O\u00dc system<\/a><br \/>\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/wa.me\/37255629959\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" class=\"btn btn--secondary\" target=\"_blank\">Send a request via WhatsApp<\/a><br \/>\n    <a href=\"\/en\/precios\/\" class=\"btn btn--tertiary btn--full\">View prices<\/a>\n  <\/div>\n<p>  <main id=\"main\"><\/p>\n<p>    <!-- HERO --><\/p>\n<header class=\"hero\" aria-labelledby=\"residencia-title\">\n<div class=\"left\">\n<h1 id=\"residencia-title\">Tax Residency, Permanent Establishment (PE) and CFC \u2014 in Simple Terms<\/h1>\n<p class=\"lead\">\n          Spain is your country as <strong>tax residence<\/strong> Estonia is the country of your company.<br \/>\n          Even if you have an O\u00dc registered in Estonia, your personal tax residency remains in Spain, and Spain has the right to tax you as an individual.\n        <\/p>\n<p class=\"sublead\">\n          On this page, we explain: <strong>tax residence<\/strong>what it means<br \/>\n          <strong>permanent establishment<\/strong> when the rules may apply<br \/>\n          <strong>CFC \u2014 controlled foreign companies<\/strong>how to understand the risks before registering an O\u00dc,<br \/>\n          rather than after receiving a letter from Hacienda\n        <\/p>\n<p>        <!-- HERO CTAs CAN\u00d3NICAS --><\/p>\n<div class=\"hero-ctas\" id=\"hero-ctas\">\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/wa.me\/37255629959\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" class=\"btn btn--primary\" data-evt=\"pe_cfc_cta_whatsapp_hero\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n            Share your case on WhatsApp<br \/>\n          <\/a><br \/>\n          <a href=\"\/en\/registro-ou\/\" class=\"btn btn--secondary\" data-evt=\"pe_cfc_cta_registro_hero\"><br \/>\n            View O\u00dc registration<br \/>\n          <\/a><br \/>\n          <a href=\"\/en\/contabilidad-ou\/\" class=\"btn btn--tertiary btn--full\" data-evt=\"pe_cfc_cta_contabilidad_hero\"><br \/>\n            View accounting and VAT \/ OSS<br \/>\n          <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/header>\n<p>    <!-- RESUMEN: PROBLEMA \"VIVO EN ESPA\u00d1A, EMPRESA EN ESTONIA\" --><\/p>\n<section class=\"resumen-fiscal\" aria-labelledby=\"resumen-fiscal-title\">\n<h2 class=\"h2\" id=\"resumen-fiscal-title\">I live in Spain, and the company is in Estonia. Is this a problem?<\/h2>\n<p class=\"sublead\">\n        La mayor\u00eda de dudas sobre una O\u00dc no vienen de Estonia, sino de Espa\u00f1a. La l\u00f3gica de Hacienda es simple:<br \/>\n        <strong>Where you live is where you pay taxes as an individual.<\/strong>An O\u00dc facilitates international business operations,<br \/>\n        <strong>tax residence<\/strong> Thus, you personally have tax obligations in Spain, and your Estonian company has them in Estonia.\n      <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Spanish Tax Resident<\/strong> if you live here for more than 183 days a year, have your family here, or your main economic interests are here.<\/li>\n<li><strong>O\u00dc in Estonia<\/strong> A tool for contracts, invoices, banking, and business in the EU.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conclusion<\/strong> Working with an O\u00dc while living in Spain is legal, but the structure must be logical and transparent \u2014 for both the tax authorities and banks.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"muted\">\n        In simple terms: Spain is your home as an individual. Estonia can be the home of your company.<br \/>\n        It is important that this setup looks reasonable during an audit.\n      <\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p>    <!-- C\u00d3MO ANALIZAMOS RESIDENCIA, PE Y CFC --><\/p>\n<section class=\"steps\" aria-labelledby=\"pasos-residencia-title\">\n<div class=\"steps__inner\">\n<h2 class=\"h2\" id=\"pasos-residencia-title\">How We Analyze Tax Residency, PE, and CFC<\/h2>\n<p class=\"sublead\">\n          Before making any promises, we review your personal situation,<br \/>\n          not marketing positioning:\n        <\/p>\n<div class=\"grid-3\">\n<article class=\"step\">\n<h3 class=\"step-title\">1. Tax Residency (your actual status)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"muted\">\n              Where you actually live, how many days a year you spend in Spain, and where your family and main income are.<br \/>\n              La <strong>tax residence<\/strong> which has the right to tax you as an individual\n            <\/div>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"step\">\n<h3 class=\"step-title\">2. Actual Activities of the O\u00dc<\/h3>\n<div class=\"muted\">\n              What the company does <strong>an O\u00dc structure<\/strong> IT, marketing, consulting, SaaS, client countries.<br \/>\n              Is there a team or are you alone, and where decisions are made.\n            <\/div>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"step\">\n<h3 class=\"step-title\">PE \/ CFC<\/h3>\n<div class=\"muted\">\n              We assess whether there are any risks <strong>permanent establishment<\/strong> in Spain.<br \/>\n              Whether the rules may apply <strong>CFC \u2014 controlled foreign companies<\/strong><br \/>\n              to the company\u2019s income.\n            <\/div>\n<\/article><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p>    <!-- QU\u00c9 ES LA RESIDENCIA FISCAL --><\/p>\n<section class=\"resumen-fiscal\" aria-labelledby=\"que-es-residencia-title\">\n<h2 class=\"h2\" id=\"que-es-residencia-title\">What Tax Residency Is \u2014 in Simple Terms<\/h2>\n<p class=\"sublead\">\n        La <strong>tax residence<\/strong> and the country that considers<br \/>\n        that you live there for tax purposes.\n      <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>The 183-Day Rule<\/strong> More than 183 days living in Spain \u2192 usually a Spanish tax resident.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Center of Interests<\/strong> Even with fewer days, having your family, home, or business in Spain can make you a resident.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Company \u2260 Individual<\/strong> An O\u00dc in Estonia does not automatically change your tax residency.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n        In simple terms: Tax residency answers the question <strong>\"Where do you actually live?\"<\/strong>,<br \/>\n        not \"where the company is registered.\"\n      <\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p>    <!-- PE Y CFC: DIFERENCIAS --><\/p>\n<section class=\"compare\" aria-labelledby=\"pe-cfc-title\">\n<div class=\"compare__inner\">\n<h2 class=\"h2\" id=\"pe-cfc-title\">PE and CFC \u2014 what\u2019s the difference and why it matters<\/h2>\n<p class=\"sublead\">\n          There\u2019s a <strong>PE \u0438 CFC<\/strong> and <strong>O\u00dc in Estonia<\/strong>talk about , but most often without explaining how it works in practice for a Spanish tax resident.<br \/>\n          Below is everything you need to know about these concepts.\n        <\/p>\n<div class=\"compare__grid\">\n          <!-- PE --><\/p>\n<article class=\"card compare__card\">\n<h3>Permanent Establishment (PE \u2014 Permanent Establishment)<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"compare__list\">\n<li><strong>Basic Definition<\/strong> PE is a situation where a foreign company effectively operates like a Spanish company, even if it is legally registered in another country (for example, in Estonia).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Examples<\/strong> All work is carried out from Spain, the director and employee is the same person living in Spain, with no office, staff, or real activity outside Spain.<\/li>\n<li><strong>In short:<\/strong> If your O\u00dc effectively operates as a Spanish company, Hacienda may treat it as Spanish and apply Spanish taxation.<\/li>\n<li><strong>The real risk arises when<\/strong> the sole director lives in Spain;\ndecisions are made from Spain;\nmost clients are Spanish;\noutside Spain, the company exists only \"on paper.\"<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/article>\n<p>          <!-- CFC --><\/p>\n<article class=\"card compare__card\">\n<h3>Controlled Foreign Companies (CFC)<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"compare__list\">\n<li><strong>Means<\/strong> that the rules <strong>CFC \u2014 controlled foreign companies<\/strong> allow Spain to tax certain income of foreign companies if they are effectively managed by a Spanish tax resident.<\/li>\n<li><strong>When CFC rules are applied:<\/strong> a Spanish resident controls a foreign company; <strong>the company receives passive income:<\/strong> interest,\n\nroyalties,\n\nautomatic or quasi-passive income.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Typical Activities of an O\u00dc:<\/strong> Active services \u2014 IT, marketing, consulting, SaaS \u2014 are usually less problematic than passive income.<\/li>\n<li><strong>In short:<\/strong> CFC is a set of rules that prevents \"parking passive money\" in a foreign company to avoid taxation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/article><\/div>\n<div class=\"card\">\n<p class=\"muted\" style=\"margin:0;\">\n            What\u2019s important to understand in practice\n\nMany freelancers and digital teams<br \/>\n            are afraid <strong>permanent establishment<\/strong>although their real risk is more often related to PE rather than to CFC rules.\n          <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p>    <!-- EJEMPLOS PR\u00c1CTICOS --><\/p>\n<section class=\"ejemplos\" aria-labelledby=\"ejemplos-title\">\n<h2 class=\"h2\" id=\"ejemplos-title\">Practical examples \u2014 when an Estonian O\u00dc works, and when it doesn\u2019t<\/h2>\n<p class=\"sublead\">\n        Each case is individual, but in practice we often see similar situations.<br \/>\n        These examples help clarify where PE and CFC risks typically arise \u2014 and where they do not.\n      <\/p>\n<div class=\"grid-3\">\n        <!-- Ejemplo 1 --><\/p>\n<article class=\"card\">\n<h3>B2B software developer \/ IT freelancer<\/h3>\n<p>\n            You live in Spain, work with clients in the EU and the US, and have little to no Spanish clients.<br \/>\n            usa una <strong>O\u00dc<\/strong> You use the O\u00dc for contracts and receiving payments. You pay yourself a salary and\/or dividends and report them in Spain.\n          <\/p>\n<p class=\"muted\">\n            Structure assessment: the activity is active and international;\n\nCFC risk is generally low;\n\nPE risk is assessed based on where management decisions are made and how the company is represented in Spain.<br \/>\n            With proper documentation, this structure is often workable and defensible.\n          <\/p>\n<\/article>\n<p>        <!-- Ejemplo 2 --><\/p>\n<article class=\"card\">\n<h3>Designer with clients only in Spain<\/h3>\n<p>\n            You live in Spain, and all your clients are Spanish.<br \/>\n            The O\u00dc is used only for invoicing for the same work,\n          <\/p>\n<p class=\"muted\">\n            that you previously performed as <strong>permanent establishment<\/strong> Structure assessment:<br \/>\n            The actual activity has not changed;\n\nThere is no activity in Estonia;\n\nThe O\u00dc is used as a \u201cwrapper.\u201d<br \/>\n            In this case, the risk of Permanent Establishment (PE) is high,\nand in most cases it is more logical and safer to operate through a Spanish structure (aut\u00f3nomo or SL).\n          <\/p>\n<\/article>\n<p>        <!-- Ejemplo 3 --><\/p>\n<article class=\"card\">\n<h3>Online consulting with clients across the EU<\/h3>\n<p>\n            You live in Spain and provide consulting or digital services to companies from various EU countries.<br \/>\n            You use the O\u00dc for contracts, <strong>VAT\/OSS<\/strong> (VAT OSS in the EU )<br \/>\n            and fintech accounts.\n          <\/p>\n<p class=\"muted\">\n            Structure assessment: the structure can be compliant;\n\nProper documentation of activities is key;\n\nIncome (salary, dividends) is correctly reported in Spain.<br \/>\n            In each such case, we separately analyze tax residency, PE, and potential risk areas to avoid unforeseen issues.\n          <\/p>\n<\/article><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p>    <!-- QU\u00c9 HACEMOS NOSOTROS --><\/p>\n<section class=\"que-hacemos\" aria-labelledby=\"que-hacemos-title\">\n<div class=\"que-hacemos__inner\">\n<h2 class=\"h2\" id=\"que-hacemos-title\">How we handle tax residency, PE, and CFC<\/h2>\n<div class=\"u-grid-2\">\n<article class=\"card\">\n<h3>Analysis before registration or structural changes<\/h3>\n<p>\n              This is not just about registering an O\u00dc, but about <strong>an O\u00dc structure<\/strong>specifically in your case.<br \/>\n              We analyze:\n            <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>you <strong>tax residence<\/strong> and your partners;<\/li>\n<li>The company\u2019s actual activity and client geography;<\/li>\n<li>Risk <strong>permanent establishment<\/strong> in Spain<\/li>\n<li>The applicability of rules <strong>CFC \u2014 controlled foreign companies<\/strong> in relation to you.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n              Based on this, a decision is made:\n\nWhether an O\u00dc in Estonia is suitable;\n\nWhether a combined structure is needed.<br \/>\n              Or it may be safer to remain as an aut\u00f3nomo or SL in Spain.\n            <\/p>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"card\">\n<h3>Accounting and Tax Support<\/h3>\n<p>\n              If the structure is deemed appropriate, we take care of the complex part:<br \/>\n              <strong>VAT\/OSS<\/strong> , when required. Annual reporting.\n            <\/p>\n<p>\n              We also:\n\nprepare clear documentation for banks and fintech platforms<strong>KYC\/AML package<\/strong>\u2014 KYC (\u201cKnow Your Customer\u201d) and AML checks<br \/>\n              We coordinate information that may be requested by<br \/>\n              your Spanish asesor\u00eda.\n            <\/p>\n<p class=\"muted\">\n              \u26a0\ufe0f All information is of a general nature. Specific decisions are made only after analyzing your case.<br \/>\n              and the current legislation of Spain and Estonia.\n            <\/p>\n<\/article><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom:22px;\">\n  If you are looking for more information about company registration in Estonia<br \/>\n  <a href=\"\/en\/empresa-estonia-desde-espana\/\">Go to the extended guide via the link.<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n<p>    <!-- FAQ --><\/p>\n<section class=\"faq\" aria-labelledby=\"faq-residencia-title\" id=\"faq-residencia\">\n<div class=\"faq__inner\">\n<h2 class=\"h2\" id=\"faq-residencia-title\">Frequently Asked Questions: Tax Residency, PE, and CFC<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"faq-list\">\n<li>\n            <strong>Is it legal to have an O\u00dc while living in Spain?<\/strong><br \/>\n            Yes. It\u2019s legal. <strong>O\u00dc<\/strong> Personal income is properly declared in Spain;<br \/>\n            The company is not used as a \u201cshell\u201d to hide real activity.\n          <\/li>\n<li>\n            <strong>Does e-Residency make you a tax resident of Estonia?<\/strong><br \/>\n            No <strong>via e-Residency<\/strong> \u2014 it is a digital tool for managing a company; it<br \/>\n            does not change <strong>tax residence<\/strong>your personal tax residency.\n          <\/li>\n<li>\n            <strong>Can CFC rules apply to you?<\/strong><br \/>\n            Las <strong>CFC \u2014 controlled foreign companies<\/strong> They are considered when there is passive income.<br \/>\n            For active services (IT, marketing, consulting), the analysis is different \u2014 this is exactly why the cases<br \/>\n            are considered individually.\n          <\/li>\n<li>\n            <strong>When does the risk of PE arise?<\/strong><br \/>\n            Risk <strong>permanent establishment<\/strong> It arises when all activity<br \/>\n            with clients mainly in Spain and no real business activity in Estonia,<br \/>\n            except for formal registration. Privately, we explain the criteria of \u201cformality.\u201d\n          <\/li>\n<li>\n            <strong>Can you \u201cmove your tax residence\u201d just by creating an O\u00dc?<\/strong><br \/>\n            No <strong>tax residence<\/strong> It is determined by your actual place of residence,<br \/>\n            not by the country where the company is registered.\n          <\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p>    <!-- CTA: Calcula tu ahorro con una O\u00dc --><\/p>\n<section class=\"calc-cta\" aria-labelledby=\"calc-cta-title\">\n<div class=\"calc-cta__inner\">\n<article class=\"card calc-cta__card\">\n<h2 id=\"calc-cta-title\" class=\"h2\">How much can you save with a properly structured O\u00dc?<\/h2>\n<p class=\"sublead\">\n            Instead of guesses, you get <strong>a numerical estimate of<\/strong>:<br \/>\n            your current structural costs, a scenario <strong>with an Estonian O\u00dc plus Irys accounting support<\/strong>,<br \/>\n            administrative hours that could be freed up, and the level of risk in relation to the Spanish tax authority.\n          <\/p>\n<p class=\"muted\">\n            The calculator does not replace tax advice,\nbut it gives you<br \/>\n            <strong>a quick, easy-to-understand snapshot to help you to decide<\/strong> whether it is worth<br \/>\n            reviewing your case in detail.\n          <\/p>\n<div class=\"hero-ctas\">\n            <button class=\"btn btn--primary\" onclick=\"window.location.href='\/calculadora-ou'\"><br \/>\n              Calculate estimated savings<br \/>\n            <\/button><br \/>\n            <button\n              class=\"btn btn--secondary\"\n              onclick=\"window.location.href='https:\/\/wa.me\/37255629959?text=Quiero%20comentar%20el%20resultado%20de%20la%20calculadora%20O\u00dc';\"><br \/>\n              Send result via WhatsApp<br \/>\n            <\/button>\n          <\/div>\n<\/article><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p>    <!-- CTA FINAL --><\/p>\n<section class=\"cta-final\">\n<div class=\"hero-ctas\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/wa.me\/37255629959\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" class=\"btn btn--primary\" data-evt=\"pe_cfc_cta_whatsapp_bottom\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n          Send a request via WhatsApp<br \/>\n        <\/a><br \/>\n        <a href=\"\/en\/registro-ou\/\" class=\"btn btn--secondary\" data-evt=\"pe_cfc_cta_registro_bottom\"><br \/>\n          Service: O\u00dc Registration<br \/>\n        <\/a><br \/>\n        <a href=\"\/en\/contabilidad-ou\/\" class=\"btn btn--tertiary btn--full\" data-evt=\"pe_cfc_cta_contabilidad_bottom\"><br \/>\n          Service: O\u00dc Accounting<br \/>\n        <\/a>\n      <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p>  <\/main><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Volver al sistema O\u00dc Enviar mi caso por WhatsApp Ver precios Residencia fiscal, establecimiento permanente (PE) y CFC \u2014 explicado [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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